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They were represented by the color yellow. The role of the British Raj on the caste system in India is controversial.Starting with the 19th century, the British colonial government passed a series of laws that applied to Indians based on their religion and caste identification.The British colonial government, for instance, enacted the The colonial government prepared a list of criminal castes, and all members registered in these castes by caste-census were restricted in terms of regions they could visit, move about in or people with whom they could socialise.While the notion of hereditary criminals conformed to orientalist stereotypes and the prevailing racial theories in Britain during the colonial era, the social impact of its enforcement was profiling, division and isolation of many communities of Hindus as criminals-by-birth.Eleanor Nesbitt, a professor of History and Religions in India, states that the colonial government hardened the caste-driven divisions in British India not only through its caste census, but with a series of laws in early 20th century.De Zwart notes that the caste system used to be thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu life and that contemporary scholars argue instead that the system was constructed by the British colonial regime. Kshatriyas were supposed to be guardians and administrators who maintained and protected the societal order. "Early and mid 20th century Muslim historians, such as Hashimi in 1927 and Qureshi in 1962, proposed that "caste system was established before the arrival of Islam", and it and "a nomadic savage lifestyle" in the northwest Indian subcontinent were the primary cause why Derryl MacLein, a professor of social history and Islamic studies, states that historical evidence does not support this theory, whatever evidence is available suggests that Muslim institutions in north-west India legitimised and continued any inequalities that existed, and that neither Buddhists nor "lower caste" Hindus converted to Islam because they viewed Islam to lack a caste system.Richard Eaton, a professor of History, states that the presumption of a rigid Hindu caste system and oppression of lower castes in pre-Islamic era in India, and it being the cause of "mass conversion to Islam" during the medieval era suffers from the problem that "no evidence can be found in support of the theory, and it is profoundly illogical".The origin of caste system of modern form, in the Bengal region of India, may be traceable to this period, states Richard Eaton.Susan Bayly, an anthropologist, notes that "caste is not and never has been a fixed fact of Indian life" and the caste system as we know it today, as a "ritualised scheme of social stratification," developed in two stages during the post-Mughal period, in 18th and early 19th century. About 20% of the population was considered to be a part of this caste.The Caste System in India has been outlawed since 1955. The Untouchables got their name from the fact that they were marginalized from mainstream society. They were priests and scholars who were proficient with the Vedic philosophy. It is the lowest rank of the four varnas.

The caste distinction is based on their caste at the time that they or their ancestors converted to Christianity since the 16th century, they typically do not intermarry, and sit separately during prayers in Church.Caste system has been observed among Muslims in India.Endogamy is very common in Muslims in the form of arranged consanguineous marriages among Muslims in India and Pakistan.Some assert that the Muslim castes are not as acute in their discrimination as those of the Hindus,In 1953, the Government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader, The Sikh literature from the Islamic rule and British colonial era mention Table 1 is the distribution of population of each Religion by Caste Categories, obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the There has been criticism of the caste system from both within and outside of India.The caste system has been criticised by many Indian social reformers.

Each person was born into an unalterable social status. De Zwart also notes that post-colonial affirmative action only reinforced the "British colonial project that ex hypothesi constructed the caste system".Sweetman notes that the European conception of caste dismissed former political configurations and insisted upon an "essentially religious character" of India. In attempting to account for the remarkable proliferation of castes in 18th- and 19th-century India, authorities credulously accepted the traditional view that by a process of intermarriage and subdivision the 3,000 or more castes of modern India had evolved from the four primitive classes, and the term 'caste' was applied indiscriminately to both Sociologist Anne Waldrop observes that while outsiders view the term caste as a static phenomenon of stereotypical tradition-bound India, empirical facts suggest caste has been a radically changing feature. Even more, there is an argument to be made that skeletons of the caste system still exists today. His model definition for caste included the following six characteristics:The above Ghurye's model of caste thereafter attracted scholarly criticismGhurye added, in 1932, that the colonial construction of caste led to the livening up, divisions and lobbying to the British officials for favourable caste classification in India for economic opportunities, and this had added new complexities to the concept of caste.... tribes, clans or families.

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